1. Pressure Surges: Water hammer results in rapid changes in pressure within the piping system.
2. Shock Waves: The phenomenon generates shock waves that can travel through the pipes.
3. Noise Generation: Water hammer often produces audible noise, which can be used as an indicator of its occurrence.
4. Potential for Damage: If not properly managed, water hammer can cause damage to pipes, fittings, and other system components.

Water hammer advantage:

Tikal Surge tanks, also known as expansion tanks or water hammer arrestors, are designed to mitigate the effects of water hammer in a water treatment system.

Tikal Surge tanks provide a cushion or reservoir for absorbing excess pressure and preventing damage.

Key advantages include:

• Pressure Regulation: Surge tanks help regulate and stabilize pressure fluctuations caused by water hammer.
• Protection of System Components: By absorbing excess pressure, surge tanks protect pipes, valves, and other system components from potential damage.
• Noise Reduction: Surge tanks can contribute to reducing the noise associated with water hammer, providing a quieter operation.
• Enhanced System Reliability: The use of surge tanks enhances a water treatment system’s overall reliability and longevity by minimizing the impact of pressure surges.

Tikal Considerations in Surge Tank Design:

1. Volume: The size of the surge tank should be designed to accommodate the expected pressure surge.
2. Location: Surge tanks should be strategically located in the system to be effective in absorbing and regulating pressure fluctuations.
3. Materials: Surge tanks must be constructed from materials compatible with the water being treated to prevent corrosion or contamination

Tikal provide 3 Types of Tanks:

1. Open Surge Tank:
   • Description: An open surge tank is an exposed tank that allows air to be in direct contact with the water.
   • Operation: Air entrained in the water provides the compressibility needed to absorb pressure surges.
   • Application: Commonly used in systems where space is not a limitation, such as wastewater treatment plants.
2. Closed Surge Tank:
   • Description: A closed surge tank is sealed, and the air and water are separated by a diaphragm or bladder.
   • Operation: The diaphragm or bladder acts as a flexible barrier, providing compressibility to absorb pressure surges.
   • Application: Suitable for systems where space is limited, and there is a need to prevent air contact with the water, such as in potable water distribution systems.
3. Air Chamber:
   • Description: An air chamber is a simple, vertical pipe installed in the system with an air pocket at the top.
   • Operation: The air pocket allows for the compression of air, providing a cushion against pressure surges.
   • Application: Commonly used in residential plumbing systems to reduce water hammer effects.