1. Coagulants:
   • Aluminum-Based Coagulants (Alum): Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a commonly used coagulant in water treatment. It dissociates in water to form aluminum hydroxide, which acts as a coagulant.
   • Polyaluminum Chlorides (PAC): PACs are aluminum-based coagulants that offer advantages over alum, including a higher charge density and efficiency at lower doses.
   • Ferric Salts: Ferric chloride and ferric sulfate are examples of iron-based coagulants used in water treatment.
2. Mixing Equipment:
   • Flash Mixers: These are mechanical mixing devices used to rapidly disperse the coagulant into the water. Flash mixers provide intense, short-duration mixing, while flocculators provide longer-duration, gentler mixing for optimal coagulation.
3. Dosage Control System:
   • Chemical Feed Systems: Systems for precise dosing of coagulants into the water. This ensures that the right amount of coagulant is added to achieve effective coagulation without overdosing.

Factors Influencing Coagulation Effectiveness:

1. Coagulant Type and Dosage
2. pH
3. Water Temperature
4. Mixing Intensity and Duration

Importance of Coagulation

1. Particle Destabilization
2. Floc Formation
3. Improved Settling
4. Enhanced Filtration

Products: Coagulants (Alum, PAC, Ferric Salts), Mixing Equipment (Flash Mixers)